The Oxford Movement and Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Oxford Movement and Jane Eyre    The Victorian period from the mid to late 1800's was a time of internal religious turmoil for England. In the Anglican Church there were many different groups competing to define the doctrine and practice of the national religion. The church was politically divided in three general categories following: the High Church, which was the most conservative; the Middle, or Broad Church, which was more liberal; and the Low Church, which was the Evangelical wing of the Anglican Church. Within the High Church there were also differences of opinion on the true nature of the Church as a whole. It is from this conservative branch of the Anglican Church where the men of the  Oxford Movement came. The Oxford Movement began as a movement to reform the Church of England in 1833. The name is taken from the Oxford University fellows who led the movement. Among these men were John Keble, Edward Pusey and John Henry Newman. All of them were extremely loyal to the Anglican Church and were concerned with the government's interference in its affairs. They also were worried about the liberal tendencies of the Evangelicals as a threat to the Church. The Oxford movement thought that they needed to lead the Church back to the "true" church of the fourth century AD; drawing on the patristic writings of St. Augustine, St. Jerome and St. Bernard, their aim was to revive the ritual and mysticism of the early church. The Oxford Movement's beginning is usually associated with July 14, 1833, which was the date John Keble gave his sermon on "National Apostasy." But, more importantly the movement took its roots with the publication of the "Tracts for the Times" by Newman, the first of which was published September 9, 1833, and the last, Tract 90, in 1841. The Tracts meant to remind the English to understand the church as an independent body, not as an appendage to the state. The Tractarians wanted the movement to offer a compromise between Roman Catholicism and Evangelicalism. The Anglicans were distrustful of the Catholic tendency because of the power of the Pope. On the other hand, they did not embrace the evangelical doctrine of universal damnation. The Oxford Movement and its leaders had the best intentions to reform the Church, but it seems to have been most successful in the way it pursued faith as "an impulse of the heart and conscience not an inquiry of the head" (Chadwick 12).

Kingship in Macbeth

Throughout the play we see many of Shakespeare's ideas on the topic and theme of kingship but also what he thought the qualities a man should have to rule his country Macbeth is a play about power and about how the characters in the play handle it and use it. These characters are judged as leaders by their personalities, relationships with their subjects and their attitude towards the country. The characters Duncan, Macbeth, Malcolm and Edward all represent their own brand of kingship and as the play progresses we see the faults in each of these. The first to represent kingship in the play is Duncan. He is loved by his subjects and this love is well deserved and Duncan may be considered the most generous and loved king but that does not mean he is infallible. He is a good king has two sons and cares for Scotland. He is described as a sainted king by Macduff in Act 4 scene 3. Duncan places a lot of trust upon his soldiers and they are very loyal as we see in the bleeding captain fighting against mercenaries and Macbeth says himself his loyalty and service to Duncan is sufficient for his reward and also says †he hath honoured him of late† and the essence of Duncan's good nature creates doubts in Macbeth with regards to the murder and Lady Macbeth has also experienced this kindness, a large diamond received for been a good hostess. We see Duncan is decisive when it comes to the matter of traitors as the thane of Cawdor is executed swiftly following his deception from Duncan's ranks. We also see a definite flaw in his nature as he is naive and overly trusting, this is evident when he says † there is no art to find the minds construction in the face † and his ability to sense the deception and treason of the thane of Cawdor and Macbeth shows a lot about his short comings in dealing with certain aspects of his rule which at the time the play was set it was a very important ability to have as a king and his misplaced trust is seen in his haste to reward Macbeth with his new title of Cawdor. In act 4 scene 3 Malcolm lists of the traits of a good king including justice, verity, temperance, stableness, bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness, devotion, patience, courage and fortitude and Macduff in response says a king without any of the following does not deserve to live. Also in this scene we see Malcolm testing MacDuff's loyalty saying he is worse than Macbeth, even though it's not very ensuring that his believable lying and a quickness to flee following his father's murder shows fear but it does show he is learning from the mistakes of his father which is a subtlety in the play as to what kind of king he would be. On a more evident note we do see he does know the characteristics of a king and already has loyalty from his subjects which shows a much more stable rule but is questionable if his accession to the throne was smooth and he will remain reliant on his nobles as I father once was. The main issue of the play regarding kingship regards the rule of Macbeth which gives a scenario of the latent potential for evil in kingship. It is clear Macbeths only interest is in his own agenda and plans which seriously contrasts with the list read out by Malcolm in the scene previously mentioned. Macbeth's unstable rule is only maintained by resorting only to murder and terror against his subject and Macbeths use of these tools is mainly caused by hi deep rooted insecurity. This shows kingship has the potential for good and for evil . In the time of Shakespeare the King was believed to be an agent of God and God himself spoke through the king and as Macbeth is not rightfully king his control disturbs the natural order of nature and the earth becomes †feverous† showing the connection between kingship, nature, and all things balanced is to Shakespeare and the majority of his people at the time believed was real. The killing of Duncan to obtain the crown was also described as †unsanctified† due to Duncan being instilled with †divine right† which raises the issue that Macbeths crime is not only unjustly but unholy and a crime against God himself. Macbeth being aware of this prior to the murder he said he would †jump the life to come† meaning he is damned. These thought of eternal damnation weighs heavily in Macbeth's corrupted mind and is a catalyst for his declining unpopularity as the king and is described as a tyrant, hell-kite, usurper, butcher and as devilish which also agrees with the religious side of his kingship. Coming up to the end of Macbeths reign we see he has alienated and abandoned his wife, ordered the killing of innocent women and children and his best friend and has lost the loyalty of all his Thanes and now completely relies on occult prophesies which were completely still led to the demise of the once ambitious soldier, Macbeth. Addressing the character of Edward even though he doesn't show up on stage at all he is established as Macbeths opposite and contrasting sharply in regards to the religious aspect of the play, the doctor says people are healed by his †holy touch† , †solicits heaven† and is †full of grace†. The lord in act 3 scene 6 says he is both †pious† and †holy† his †white magic† runs in opposition to the witches black magic. Edward believes the heart of Scotland can be cured by pray but sends 10'000 men to assist Malcolm and MacDuff showing diplomacy and strategy. Shakespeare contrasts the various modes of kingship in the play, a combination of political manoeuvring, religious and spiritual believe and the kingly graces as defined and appreciated by loyal subjects and the optimistic conclusion that those not in possession of their worth will not be accepted as kings and throughout the play we see the that the countries suffering or prosperity is a direct reflection of the moral of its king.

Oklahoma s Step Toward Change - 944 Words

Oklahoma’s Step Towards Change in Abortion Today, teen pregnancy is as high as ever. Shows like â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"The Secret Life of an American Teenager† are centered on young girls’ journeys as teen moms, in hopes that viewers will become more aware about safe sex preventing teen pregnancy. Reducing teen pregnancy also reduces the rate of abortions. Teenagers are the ones who are most likely to get an abortion, since they are the ones that are the least prepared to be mothers. Regardless of their reasoning, abortion is an option that allows not just teens, but all women who are not ready or do not want a child. However, many are against abortion since they see it as killing a baby or taking away a potential life. According to writer Steven Ertelt of LifeNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to other states especially with the passage of the Oklahoma Unborn Child Protection from Dismemberment Abortion Act, or HB 1721, in April 2015, which bans dismemberment abortions that tear babies limb from limb. Any abortion practitioners that breaks this law would face a fine of $10,000 and a few years in prison. This act is a big step towards saving more potential lives, shining light on the abortion process, and is a stepping stone for other states. One of the biggest reasons why many are against abortion is because the idea of taking away the life of a potential baby away is simply immoral. Ertelt states that Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin said she isShow MoreRelatedTimothy Mcveigh The American Terrorist1673 Words   |  7 Pages08/15/2015 â€Æ' When most people think of Domestic terrorism one name comes to mind. 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At the beginning it was used as a way to get political power and was only used by aristocrats; however, as the world evolvedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1523 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom, order, and equality. Then argue as to why capitol punishment should be outlawed. An advocate for the death penalty, District Attorney for Oklahoma City, Robert Macy stated, â€Å"When someone takes a life, the balance of justice is disturbed. Unless that balance is restored, society succumbs to a rule of violence. Only the taking of the murderer s life restores the balance and allows society to show convincingly that murder is an intolerable crime which will be punished in kind† (Macy). CapitolRead MoreOklahoma Highway Patrol Is The Agency Essay2052 Words   |  9 PagesOklahoma Highway Patrol is the agency I have always hoped to work for. As a child, I loved their hats and back then, some Troopers drove Camaros, my favorite car. 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Compelled to march with the provisions and belongings they could carry upon their back or horse, many died of exposureRead MoreRole Of Teacher Morale And Pre Service Teachers4700 Words   |  19 Pages Introduction The condition of the educational system in Oklahoma is in dire need of a review. Oklahoma has one of the lowest funded educational systems in the nation. Teacher morale and pre-service teachers’ perceptions are greatly influenced by a lack of funding. Teachers of today have an increased amount of responsibilities. As these responsibilities are increased school funding has declined. Administrators are also faced with more responsibilities, as well. Everyday routines are now becomingRead MoreThe Evolution Of Racism And Discrimination Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesranking/popularity system. But to understand the situation in order to change it, we first need tools that help us interpret how racism and discrimination are planted in our minds and how we act along with them. Sociological theories such as symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, and functionalism are vital tools which can offer a lens for us to see development of racism and discrimination, and only through that a wareness will we be able to work towards a solution and become a truly progressive society as a whole

Conflict Resolution Of South Africa - 2276 Words

1 Despite the successful transition into a democracy, a country that poorly manages conflicts is what haunts South Africa to date. It continues to defy the promotion of good governance. Often times finding difficulty for the citizens of South Africa to meaningfully express their demands and concerns without violence as a means to get attention. Violence seems to be a legacy long left behind from a country torn by apartheid. A country where violence seems to be a first resort rather than a last. To understand the structure of South Africa today one must recognize the function of it’s past. The identification of society and its conflicts must be understood to help with the development of conflict resolution. 1 Peacebuilding is about finding the root causes of conflicts and formulating strategies to stop the reformation of said conflicts. 22 years after apartheid, the effects still linger on in South Africa as peacebuilding and a reconciliation process is still incomplete. Examples of the incomplete peacebuilding and reconciliation process can be attributed to the recent xenophobic violence plaguing South Africa to date. Xenophobia is the dislike or fear of people from foreign countries. The heart of South Africa’s conflict is it’s debate with the meaning of the word â€Å"foreigner†. It is usually recognized as someone who is a non national from Africa and Asia in South Africa. People from America and Europe are not grouped as being a foreigner in the South African sense butShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Resolution Of South Africa2225 Words   |  9 Pagesthat poorly manages conflicts is what haunts South Africa to date. It continues to defy the promotion of good gov ernance. Often times finding difficulty for the citizens of South Africa to meaningfully express their demands and concerns without violence as a means to get attention. Violence seems to be a legacy long left behind from a country torn by apartheid. 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About one thirdRead MoreDiamond Ethics1529 Words   |  7 PagesDiamond Ethics Blood Diamonds, also referred to as conflict diamonds, are diamonds that derive from areas controlled by forces or sections opposed to lawful and internationally recognized governments, and are used to fund military action in resistance to those governments, or in breach of the decisions of the Security Council. These radicals sell these diamonds, and the money is used to acquire weapons or to fund their military actions, and used to bribe foreign officials. Blood Diamonds are oftenRead MoreSouth Afric A Role As A Leader Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesSouth Africa plays a role as a leader come out of Africa and engaging in Africa or through whom the established powers could engage with Africa. The Mbeki administration argues that the role given to South Africa was a role South Africa took on its own. 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Essay on Genesis - the Evolution Rise of the...

Genesis: The formation and rise of the Gangster Disciple Nation The history of the Gangster Disciples is one of many facesÂ… in order to understand the whole story; one must understand that it is in reality the telling of three different stories, all of which took place at the same time. The story of David Barksdale and Mac Aurthers Davids and Devils Disciples, The story of Larry Hoover and Andrew Howards Supreme Gangster Nation, and the story of Jerome Freeman and Harold Walkers Black King Cobras. These are the Fathers of the Black Gangster Disciple NationÂ… David and Devils Disciples: Also known simply as the Devil DisciplesÂ… D.D.D. was formed on the south side of Chicago in a hood known†¦show more content†¦Martin Luther King and became a part of what was then known as the Chicago Project: whose basic goals were to improve the life of inner-city youth, such as the gang members. The Black King Cobras: The Black King Cobras were also formed in the Englewood area of Chicago. They formed in August of 1960, and were lead by Jerome Prince Shorty Freeman and Harold Money Walker their history is very similar to that of Davids and Devils Disciples, because they were such a close group from the start. Being formed for much of the same reason and having such a similar history to that of the Disciples I will only touch on a few important parts of their history. First: they were the first gang in Chicago (Quite possibly the whole USA too) to ever using gang signs. The sign was the formation of 2 hands in the shape of a Cobras head. Second: in 1962 a young man named Larry Hoover had sex with Jeromes then girlfriend. This would be the start of a resentment that would last for three decades. Third: Jerome was always really big on Black Rights and Political activism. He began to teach both Harold and Durkey about the Black Nationalism Movement, after a while this moved to include many others, among them where David, Mac, Shell, and Howard just to name a few. The Supreme Gangster Nation: The Supreme Gangster Nation was a gang on the north side of

Ethic In Psychotheraphy “Easily within our reach” Free Essays

Barnett, J. E. (2008) The ethical practice of psychotherapy: easily within our reach. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethic In Psychotheraphy â€Å"Easily within our reach† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. The main purpose of this article is†¦ [State as accurately as possible the author’s purpose (goal, intention, desired outcome) for writing this article] To inform psychotherapists that with all the different strategies an dilemmas they deal with that they have to always go by the APA ethics codes and the state laws an always protect your clients and yourself. The problem to be solved is†¦ [Identify the problem or issue the author is addressing in this article] In everyday life we have ethical dilemma issues, but when you’re in psychotherapists shoes you have to watch how you address these issue. You have to go by the APA ethic codes and the state laws. The point of view of the author is†¦ [Identify the author’s position or point of view in this article; who or what group does he represent?] Psychotherapists can adopt to several strategies in their efforts to practice ethically, these include positive or aspirational ethics, risk management, and defensive practice. (Barnett, 2007) The information the author provides to support his position is†¦ [How do we know there is a problem? What evidence is there that this problem exists? ] The author J. E Barnett has several different psychotherapists’ case examples such as: â€Å"Informed Consent to Psychotherapy: Protecting the Dignity and Respecting the Autonomy of Patients†; â€Å"Can You Keep a Secret? Confidentiality in Psychotherapy† and other â€Å"Psychotherapy Termination: Clinical and Ethical Responsibilities. To show you these different ethical dilemma issues. The main conclusion[s] in this article are†¦ [Identify the key conclusions or solutions to the problem the author provides in this article] To provide a solid foundation for ethical practice. And how to try not to prevent these dilemmas, how to respond to these types of dilemmas and to check the ethic of codes and the laws and to protect you and more importantly your client. If we accept the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are†¦ [What possible or probable consequences does the author’s argument imply for the practice of psychotherapy? ] For psychotherapists to always serve the best interests of every psychotherapists and even more important , the best interests of our clients. How to cite Ethic In Psychotheraphy â€Å"Easily within our reach†, Papers Ethic In Psychotheraphy â€Å"Easily within our reach† Free Essays Barnett, J. E. (2008) The ethical practice of psychotherapy: easily within our reach. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethic In Psychotheraphy â€Å"Easily within our reach† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. The main purpose of this article is†¦ [State as accurately as possible the author’s purpose (goal, intention, desired outcome) for writing this article] To inform psychotherapists that with all the different strategies an dilemmas they deal with that they have to always go by the APA ethics codes and the state laws an always protect your clients and yourself. The problem to be solved is†¦ [Identify the problem or issue the author is addressing in this article] In everyday life we have ethical dilemma issues, but when you’re in psychotherapists shoes you have to watch how you address these issue. You have to go by the APA ethic codes and the state laws. The point of view of the author is†¦ [Identify the author’s position or point of view in this article; who or what group does he represent? Psychotherapists can adopt to several strategies in their efforts to practice ethically, these include positive or aspirational ethics, risk management, and defensive practice. (Barnett, 2007) The information the author provides to support his position is†¦ [How do we know there is a problem? What evidence is there that this problem exists? BusinessThe author J. E Barnett has several different psychotherapists’ case examples such as: â€Å"Informed Consent to Psychotherapy: Protecting the Dignity and Respecting the Autonomy of Patients†; â€Å"Can You Keep a Secret? Confidentiality in Psychotherapy† and other â€Å"Psychotherapy Termination: Clinical and Ethical Responsibilities. To show you these different ethical dilemma issues. The main conclusion[s] in this article are†¦ [Identify the key conclusions or solutions to the problem the author provides in this article] To provide a solid foundation for ethical practice. And how to try not to prevent these dilemmas, how to respond to these types of dilemmas and to check the ethic of codes and the laws and to protect you and more importantly your client. If we accept the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are†¦ [What possible or probable consequences does the author’s argument imply for the practice of psychotherapy? ] For psychotherapists to always serve the best interests of every psychotherapists and even more important , the best interests of our clients. How to cite Ethic In Psychotheraphy â€Å"Easily within our reach†, Papers

Practical Application of Renewable Energy Technologies

Question: Discuss about thePractical Application of Renewable Energy Technologies. Answer: Introduction With the increasing concern for environmental sustainability, application of renewable of energy has been the focus of many nations. Renewable energy originates from renewable sources. Both UN and EU have passed laws that require their member countries to adopt renewable sources of energy generation (U.S. Department of Energy, 2012). Energy is a fundamental commodity in the modern society since it drives almost everything in the households. Over two thirds of the total energy in the world is utilized by manufacturing industry. Therefore, the need to adopt sources that are less expensive as well as environmental friendly will go a long way in making life enjoyable. This paper explores the practical application of renewable energy technology with a central focus on geothermal energy and Biomass. Geothermal Energy Introduction In general terms, geothermal energy refers to the energy in the earth and is the major determinant of the temperature of matter. The earth (ground) has internal heat emanating from radioactive decay upon materials down the ground. This internal heat from the ground can serves as a source of energy both at commercial level and at household level. Geothermal energy is readily available and this makes it a reliable, cost-effective, environment friendly and sustainable source of energy. Several regions across the world are already adopting geothermal energy as a means of reducing overdependence on fossil fuels and reduction of the effect of global warming (Bertani, 2010). Statistics reveals that by 2013, the global geothermal capacity had hit 11,700 megawatts (MW) (Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), 2010). Such a capacity is able to produce over 68 billion kilowatts-hours of electricity (GEA, 2013). US are the global leader in the installation of geothermal capacity. Most homes and bui ldings in US utilize GSHP to heat and cool their houses (GEA, 2013). In the medieval times, geothermal energy was used for bathing and space heating, but now it is used to generate electricity. Geothermal Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Technology Geothermal energy can be captured in varied ways. Under the earth crust exists a magma (hot and molten rock) which continually produces heat. Unlike the solid rocks which are heavier, magma is light thus it easily transferred upwards and heats up the water and rock on the earth crust even up to 7500F. The most conventional method of capturing geothermal energy is through heat pumps. Geothermal Source Heat Pump (GSHP), also known as ground source heat pumps utilizes the constant temperatures just a few feet below the earths crust (United Nations Industrial Development Organization 2010). GSHP comprises of three major parts; heat exchanger, heat pump unit, and ductwork (the air delivery system). The heat exchange consists of a series of pipes arranged in such a way that they form a loop. The loops can then be laid horizontal on the ground depending on the available space. Either air or antifreeze liquid mixed with water is fed through the pipes which are overlaid in the ground. The liquid absorbs the heat on the ground and relays the same to the heat exchanger and finally to the heat pump. Since the temperature of the ground is fairly constant, the pump can always be used throughout the year. The length of the loops of the pipes depends on the size of the building and the amount of heat energy required. Longer loops are often applicable whenever one needs more energy (UNIDO, 2010) In cold seasons (winter time), the heat from the ground is take to the exchanges from the heat pump extracts it and relays it into the air delivery system. The reverse occurs during summer. During summer, the heat from the air delivery system can be used a source of hot water. Unlike the conventional heating system, GSHP uses less energy since the heat emanates from the ground. It also good for cooling houses and building since it eliminates air pollution. Advantages of GSHP When used as a source of heating in place of conventional heating systems, heat pumps can significantly reduce the fuel bill. The government Renewable Heat incentive can be a good source of additional income. Heat pumps also reduce the level of carbon emissions GSHP can function both as a source of hot water as well as a heating system for the house or building Heat pumps requires minimal maintenance Unlike oil and gas boilers, GSHP operates at low temperatures and for a longer duration. Technical Basis of GSHP GSHP utilizes the yearly-constant temperatures on the earth to heat and cool buildings. For instance, approximately 10 feet from the ground the temperatures constant range between 50 and 60 F which is often at high temperatures with regard to the air above the surface in cold days and also cooler in the hot days. GSHP follows on the operation principles as those of refrigerators. Heat from the ground is absorbed by a liquid in a loop of pipes which are laid below the ground. The fluid then goes to the compressor which increases its temperature considerably. The high temperature liquid produces heat to the heating systems circuits within the building. After transmitting heat to the heating system, the liquid becomes cold and is transmitted back to the ground to get more heat energy. As long as the house or the building is in need of heat energy, the process of heat extraction continues. The pipes that are laid in loops on the ground to transmit water can either be laid flat or coiled in trenches two meters deep. However, there instances when the space available is so small to permit overlaying of trenches thus a vertical borehole can be drilled in. the heat pumps requires electricity to run. The temperatures of the ground are often contant since the heat is renewed naturally. A well designed G SHP uses very small amount of electricity to transfer a vast amount of naturally occurring heat energy from the earth to a building (UNIDO, 2010). Biomass Introduction Biomass is energy that is extracted from biodegradable materials such as wood products, dried vegetation, garbage, crop residues, and even aquatic plants. Plants even uses the energy from the sun to manufacture their food which is then stored in form of chemical energy. Once the plants die, this energy is trapped in residues and can be extracted to provide biomass energy. Wood is the most common biomass fuel and it is renewable. Therefore, as long as trees are continually planted after some are cut down, there will always be fuel for biomass energy. The energy in the biomass fuel is directly obtained from the sun. It is widely used since it has low costs and occurs naturally (CanmetENERGY 2011). Biomass is converted to energy by burning stuff like wastes, wood, and plants matters which then releases the chemical energy in these materials in form of heat. The heat energy can drive shafts to provide electricity. The energy can also be obtained through fermentation and decomposition (Munnings, Kulkarni Giddey, Badwal, 2014). Advantages of Biomass energy Biomass fuel reduces emission of greenhouse gases which reduces acidic rain and hence improves the quality of soil (Springsteen et al, 2011) It fosters rural development Reduces overdependence on fossil fuel The price of biomass fuel is constant despite changes in the energy markets (Ioelovich, 2015). Biomass Boiler Technology Biomass boiler technology has come as a source of clean and renewable energy for multinational companies. The boilers exist in three main types; log gasification boilers, wood chip boiler, boiler hand fill option, and automatic fed systems (CanmetENERGY 2011). Log gasification boilers are operated by large pieces of wood including joinery offcuts and logs. Logs of wood are manually loaded into the system. Boiler hand fill option often has external hoppers or integrated hoppers. The user fills the boiler with pellets of wood which are burnt up to produce heat energy. Wood chip boiler works the same way as hand filled option boiler. Automatic fed systems of boilers are similar with oil boilers with oil tanks (Munnings, Kulkarni Giddey, Badwal, 2014). They have automatic systems that deliver fuel to the boiler. Biomass boiler technologies are the most efficient sources of renewable energy since the fuels are locally available. It is a heating technology that is applicable for all output levels. It is also flexible and environment friendly. Biomass boilers can be used to supply energy for a house for the whole year. It can also be used in combination with thermal systems (Baxter, 2005). Components of Boilers The biomass boiler looks structurally similar to the oil boilers. Boiler components include the furnace; the tube passes combustion gas circulation, and the water tank (Huber, Iborra, Corma, 2006). Combustion occurs in the furnace which is often cylindrical in nature. At the end of the furnace there is a reversal chamber where the gasses are turned and fed into tube passes. The first tube pass is immersed in water and passes from end to end. If the boiler has a second tube pass then it is considered a three pass boiler since the furnace is also termed as a pass. Other additional components include heat recovery equipment, dust collection equipment, and cleaning systems (Ioelovich, 2015). Fundamentals of Boilers Boilers exist in two versions; fire-tube and water-tube boilers. In the latter, the water is heated as it circulates in tubes surrounding where the combustion takes place. In the fire tube boilers, the combustion gas flows in the tubes that are immersed in tanks full of water. Biomass boilers work the same way as oil or gas boilers (United Nations Industrial Development Organization 2010). They use combustion as a means of extracting energy from the plant materials. References Baxter, L 2005, "Biomass-coal co-combustion: Opportunity for affordable renewable energy." Fuel 84 (10): 12951302 Bertani, R. 2010, Geothermal Power Generation in the World: 2005 2010 Update Report. International Geothermal Association, April 2010. CanmetENERGY 2011, A Review of Biomass Boiler Technologies. Retrieved from https://www.ofa.on.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Fernando%20Preto.pdf GEA (May 2010),Geothermal Energy: International Market Update,pp.46. Retrieved on February 22, 2017 from https://www.geo_energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy Association (GEA). 2013.Geothermal: International Market Overview Report. Geothermal Energy Association (GEA). 2013.2013 Annual US Geothermal Power Production and Development Report. SNL data. Huber, GW, Iborra S, Corma, A 2006, "Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering".Chemical Reviews.106(9): 40444098 Ioelovich, M 2015, Biofuels energy Potential, BioResources, 10(1). Munnings, C.; Kulkarni A Giddey S, Badwal, SPS. (2014). "Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell".International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.39(23): 1237712385. Springsteen, B et al 2011, "Emission Reductions from Woody Biomass Waste for Energy as an Alternative to Open Burning".Journal of the Air Waste Management Association.61(1): 6 U.S. Department of Energy,. 2012. Geothermal Technologies Program: Coproduction Fact Sheet United Nations Industrial Development Organization 2010, Renewable Energy in Industrial Applications: An assessment of the 2050 potential. Retrieved February 22, 2017 from https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Change/Energy_Efficiency/Renewables_%20Industrial_%20Applications.pdf